The Annual Women And Fair Trade Festival Essay - 1491 Words

On a crisp morning this past fall, cooperatives from around the world set up shop in an Austin, Texas, church for the annual Women and Fair Trade Festival. While most of the vendors were veterans of collective organizing, one group of single immigrant mothers used the festival to debut their food cooperative, Cooperativa Posada. Three Mexican women—Silvia, Elideth, and Erika—and a Guatemalan woman named Hilda spent a near-sleepless night preparing dozens of their distinct regional varieties of tamales, some wrapped in corn husks and others in moist banana leaves. Nebat, the lone Ethiopian member of the cooperative, prepared some luscious, dark, traditional Ethiopian coffee by roasting the beans on a metal plate over an open flame, then grinding them by hand. The products of their labor were not only nourishment for the festival attendees (who lined up for a taste), but also an attempt to raise the awareness—and donations—needed for their cooperative to succeed. On a broader level, the tamales and coffee represented the mothers’ efforts to create an opportunity for self-sufficiency, to foster collective economic empowerment, and to forge a path forward for themselves and their families. All the Cooperativa Posada members currently live or have lived at Posada Esperanza in Austin, a shelter for homeless immigrant mothers and their children. The shelter houses 16 families, most of whom are undocumented immigrants or asylum seekers from Latin America and Africa who have fledShow MoreRelatedPhilippine Festivals2505 Words   |  11 PagesSinulog Festival Date of Celebration: 3rd week of January Place of Celebration: Cebu City Description: The Sinulog Festival is distinguished by its unusual two-steps-forward-and-one-step-backward shuffle, thus simulating the Holy Child of the shores, the Sinulog is a century-old tradition observed in the part of Visayas region. The prayer-dance is harmonized to the beat of drums and shouts of Pit Seà ±or! Viva Sto. Nià ±o!†. Ati-atihan Festival Date of Celebration: 3rd week of January Place of Celebration:Read Morefestival and special event management2682 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Festivals and special events are a growing business in the world’s current trends. With special events growing and generating more and more money for communities and nations this assignment will take an in depth look how special events and festival have a positive and negative effect on the environment the economy, society and culture. Festivals especially have developed dramatically since the first known weekend long concerts in California in the summer of 67. With new technology and productionRead MoreEvent Management3889 Words   |  16 Pageshere that most event managers gain their experience. Annual events fall under this category. In addition to annual events, there are many one time events including historical, cultural, musical and dance performances. Meetings, parties, celebrations, conventions, award ceremonies, exhibitions, sporting events and many other community a nd social event fit into this category. Example: Annual Trade Fair organized in Delhi, Chandipur Beach Festival 1.9 TYPES OF EVENTS 1. Sporting Events SportingRead MoreStarbuckss Marketing Plan For Starbucks1281 Words   |  6 PagesStarbuck’s expanded yet to another market in 1996, and opened its first store in Tokyo, Japan, and continued expanding thereon globally. In 1999 Starbucks started â€Å"Grounds for your Garden† to be environmentally friendly. In 2000, it introduced Fair Trade products. Due to the reputation if the company I am going to move Starbucks from Denmark to Chile, where I believe it is going to do even better. Power Distance Denmark cultural dimension rank # 74 with an index value of 18, and Chile ranks #s 37-38Read MoreTaking a Look at Madagascar2696 Words   |  11 Pagesthe northwestern coast and averages 211 centimeters (83 inches) of rainfall annually. Compared to the southwest where the average is 36 centimeters (14 inches). Annual precipitation on the plateau falls between these, averaging to be about 135 centimeters (53 inches). (Ellicott and Gall) The capital, Antananarivo receives its entire annual rainfall between November and April. The dry season is sunny, although somewhat brisk, especially in the mornings. Even though frost are very rare in AntananarivoRead MoreHimachal Pradesh an Overview9238 Words   |  37 Pagesfloor while the first floor is meant for personal use. Labourers have thatched roofs house for themselves. Music and Dance Music and dance in Himachal Pradesh revolves around religion. Through their dance and music, people entreat gods during festivals and other special occasions. There are also dances that are specific to certain regions and are best performed by the people of that area.   Some of the dance forms of Himachal are Losar Shona Chuksam (Kinnaur), Dangi (Chamba), Gee Dance and BurahRead MoreNotes On The Great Lakes1765 Words   |  8 Pagescultures and groups, Europeans remarked the landscape as â€Å"bewildering† and â€Å"an infinity of undiscovered nations† †¢ Extensive network of lakes, rivers, and birchbark canoes made them Great Lakes people mobile- traveled long distance to meet, hunt, trade, etc.†¦ 4) The Great Plains and Rockies †¢ Great Plains, located farther west, is vast and arid †¢ Most people were in small, dispersed groups who hunted and gathered foods †¢ In the plains, geopolitics was greatly influenced by horses, European importRead More 1950-1960 Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressively getting faster. Drive-in business and shopping malls were convenient. Mass culture brought material wealth to America, but many wondered at what cost. Poorer citizens were ignored, and the work ethic was decreasing with modernization. Women were denied public power, and many felt their success should be supporting a successful husband (Layman 263). America also had incredible weapons, so awesome that they could destroy civilization, military leaders, and ultimately convinced other countriesRead MoreImpact of Trade Union on the Performance of Organization6858 Words   |  28 PagesChapter 1 1.1 Introduction: Being the biggest contributor to the countrys foreign exchange- around 76 percent- and employing around 2.2 million people, 80 percent of them women, the importance of nurturing a sector as vibrant and thriving as the garments industry, cannot be emphasized enough. 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Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction: The overall assignment mainly depicts the use of adequate financial derivatives by portfolio managers to improve they all return from investment. Financial derivatives mainly comprises of 4 different types which allow it get investors to increased exposure in the market. The use of derivative mainly helps investors in hedging their overall exposure in the capital market.These derivative options also allow investors and Portfolio managers to adequately apply relevant investment theories and make exponential gains. The whole assignment mainly evaluates under hypothetical situation where all the four different types of the derivative instrument is evaluated and analysed. Lastly, the overall recommendation for portfolio managers, which could help in improving the overall give ability to increase profits by using different derivative instruments. Describing the four major financial derivatives used in portfolio management: There are different types of financial derivatives, which could be used by portfolio management these derivatives are depicted as follows. Forward contract derivative: Forward contracts derivatives are mainly identified as its simplest form of decorative instrument, which are applicable only for today. This is one of the oldest forms of contract, which are conducted by investors to hedge or control losses in future. The forward contract is mainly an agreement, which is made between two parties regarding sale of a product or instrument in later date. This instrument was widely used before the invention of future contracts.Many investors are still using the forward contracts effectively until day to conduct adequate exposure in the market. Berezhnoy et al. (2014) stated that forward contracts are mainly conducted between two parties or counterparties, where there is no exchange responsible for the transaction. On the other hand, Bodie (2013)argued that use of future contracts does not allow oroblige the other party to keep commitment regarding the contract. Details of the forward contracts can be kept secret from the public, as it is not mandatory to provide relevant details regarding the transaction. Forward contract mainly allowed investors to effectively control the rising prices and reduce any kind of losses, which might income from volatile capital market. Forward contract are currently used in currency exchange, which are conducted by the bank (Dutta 2016). Example of a forward contract: Particulars Value Value AUD payment 1,000,000 Current AUD/USD Rate 0.75 = 1,000,000 * 0.75 = 750,000 Forward Contract Rate 0.73 = 1,000,000 * 0.73 = 730,000 Expected AUD/USD Rate 0.72 = 1,000,000 * 0.72 = 720,000 Reduction in losses 10,000 A firm using AUD USD rate for reducing any kind of volatility in the exchange market for the payment that needs to be converted in USD.The overall use of forward contract mainly helps in reducing the losses by $10,000. This was made possible by using the forward contract, which fixed the overall exchange rate and reduced any kind of risk that may be faced by the person exchanging the payment. This mainly helps investors to fix their overall exchange rate, which help in reducing any kind of risk from capital market (Fat and Pop 2015). Future contract derivative: Future contracts are a viable transaction, which is conducted with the help of an exchange and allows investors to make adequate investment decisions.This type of contract is mainly similar to forward contracts where sale of a particular commodity is conducted on a specified future date. However, the prices of that commodity are fixed in the current date, which helps in reducing any kind of price volatility that might think in later date. Future contracts use exchanges and are conducted through a medium, which allows and obliges different parties to fulfil their part of the bargain (Frino, Mollica and Webb 2014). Future contracts conducted on a pre designed format, which needs to be followed by an investor while conducting investments and transaction. Furthermore, the future contracts mainly follow a daily settlement contract format, where all the gains and losses are realised on the given day after commencement of the trading day. In future contracts buyers and sellers does not form any kind of contract enter or enter in an agreement, they simply transact with the exchange. Thus, exchange is mainly responsible for all the transactions conducted under the future contracts and is liable to pay the parties. Example of a future contract: Particulars Value Value Buying Gold 100 ounce Current Gold price 1258.63 = 100 * 1258.63 = 125,863 Future contract 1265 = 100 * 1265 = 126,500 Expected Price 1350 = 100 * 1350 = 135,000 Reduction in losses 8500 From the overall evaluation of Future contracts example it would be understood that reduction of $8,500 worth of value in Gold buying bus conductor.This reduction was mainly achieved by using a futures contract, which help in locking the current prices of the gold and allowed investors to effectively reduce extensive losses in buying the gold commodity.This type of extensive used mainly allows investors to effectively improve their current financial exposures in the market (Hou 2017). Option contract derivative: Option contract derivative is the third option, which is used by investors to effectively Hedge the exposure in the capital market. The option contract mainly allows investors effectively hedge against any kind of future volatility that might be expected by them. There is simply two types of options, which are used extensively by investors first is the call option second is the put option. Call option is mainly a right, which allows investor to buy something at later date at a given price (Johnson 2015). However, put option mainly allows investors to sell something at later date at a given price. Furthermore, option contract provides an effective choice to the traders as they could conduct the trade in future date or not. This relevant choice mainly allows investors to effectively speculate the market and reduce any kind of extensive losses, which might be conducted during the investment Period. The option contract is mainly conducted with the help of an exchange, as adequate measures need to be taken when option trades are conducted. Option trades mainly allow investors to increase their exposure in the market with relevant small premium provided by them. The investor at the cost of the premium could ignore any losses that might incur in future. Currently option contracts at high demand among investors, as it allows them to produce any kind of risk and increase their investment capacity. Option contracts is conducted based on prices related to a certain instrument, these options are conducted based on future price volatility to increase their gains from investment. The main expense, which is incurred by the option contractors, is the premium amount that they are charged for exercising the trades. The use of premium amount mainly allows investors to reduce the overall capital blockage, which were previously conducted in future contracts and help to increase their investment capacity. Khumawala, Ranasinghe and Yan (2016) argued that due to the option trading system speculators and novice traders are able to inflate and create volatility in the market, which in turn reduces market efficiency. Example of a option contract: Particulars Value Value Selling shares of Apple 1000 Buying Put Option Current price 152.96 1000 * 152.96 = 152,960 Strike price 150 1000 * 150 = 150,000 Premium 5 1000 * 5 = 5,000 Expected Price 140 1000 * 140 = 140,000 Actual Price 149 1000 * 149 = 153,000 Reduction in losses 145,000 -149,000 = 4000 loss According to the example portrayed in the above table, option price of Apple did not follow to the relevant speculation of $140. This mainly increased the losses of the investor my $4,000 as the investor invested in a strike price on $150 and premium of $5. This mainly indicated that prices of Apple went below $145 then the investor could get good return from investment. Thus, the price only went down by 149 dollars, which resulted in a loss of $4,000 by the investor. If the investor does not choose to take the trade then he has to pay premium of $5,000, which is greater than the loss that was incurred (Lievenbruck and Schmid 2014). Swaps derivative: The most complicated type of contract in derivative is the swap contract, which involves adequate speculation and relevant research before conducting the trade. Swap derivatives are mainly conducted on different participants where one investor uses the fixed rate for a floating rate interest to increase its overall gains from investment. The swap trades allow investors to swap interest rates and underlying currency for increasing the overall financial income. With the help of swap trades companies are able to avoid foreign exchange rates, which might hamper the overall return from investment.Swap trades mainly conducted by private contractors to negotiate between two parties to get the relevant benefit from the spread (Neuberger 2016). Swap trades are mainly conducted by investment bankers between the two parties, as it helps in reducing any kind of risk from investment.However, swap trades mainly increase the overall risk from currency exchange rate, which might hamper and reduce an y kind of income that might be generated from the investment. Amount to be invested 100,000 Interest rate 1st country Interest rate 2nd country Exchange rate 4 0.25 Savings 8% 3% Loan 9% 4% Invested amount 400,000 Interest received 32,000 Converted to 2nd country 8,000 Invested amount 100,000 Invested paid 3,000 Total income 5,000 From the overall evaluation of the example, it could be understood that Investment in first country could eventually help in gaining interest of 32000, which converted to 8000. In addition, a loan in second country code eventually attracts a payment of 3000,which will make a total income of 5000 for the investor. This type of seed is mainly identified as a swap trade, which is conducted by companies and investors to increase their overall investment (Norden, Buston and Wagner 2014). Analysing the desirability of using in derivatives in hypothetical situations with adequate critics: After the overall evaluation of the four different types of derivative instruments option contract and futures contract is mainly identified, as the most viable investment option. As this will allow investors to conduct trades without any relevant risk. Thus, the hypothetical situations in the above examples mainly depicts that use of option trading and future trading could eventually help investors in making investment decisions and effectively conduct trades in the market (Pinzur 2016). However, forward contracts are elements used in the market, which should be avoided, by investors and Portfolio managers in their portfolio construction. In addition, swap trades also be avoided by the portfolio managers, as it only comprises of swap interest rates, which is a complicated endeavour conducted by companies. Thus, the use of future and option contracts could eventually help a portfolio manager to conduct and deliver the required rate of return from the investment. Recommendations and Conclusions: After the overall evaluation of the assignment, it could be understood that derivative contracts allow investors to adequately invest in the market. Investors to conduct relevant transactions in the market mainly use the derivative instruments such as forward, future, option, and swap contracts. However, the use of future and option contracts is relevantly higher in the market as it provides an effective measure for all the investors to increase their profitability. Therefore, it could be understood that the use of option contracts is mainly and adequate investment instrument, which could help investors in conducting high end trades. Thus, portfolio managers needs to use option and future contracts to effectively conduct and prepare their portfolios and obtain the relevant return from investment. References Berezhnoy, V.I., Berezhnaya, E.V., Berezhnaya, O.V., Telnova, N.N., Ostapenko, E.A. and Shatalova, O.I., 2014. Methodology of application of the systematic and derivative analysis of the conditions of the local raw materials market development.Life Sci. J,11(8), pp.600-602. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Dutta, A., 2016. A Comparative Study of Efficiency of the Market-The Pre and Post Derivative Trading Period in India. F?t, C. and Pop, F., 2015. The Evolution of OTC Interest Rate Derivative Market: The FRA Case.Procedia Economics and Finance,32, pp.1154-1162. Frino, A., Mollica, V. and Webb, R.I., 2014. The Impact of Co?Location of Securities Exchanges' and Traders' Computer Servers on Market Liquidity.Journal of Futures Markets,34(1), pp.20-33. Hou, Q., 2017. Research on the Development of Derivative Products of Comic and Animation Advertising Video of Local Characteristic Culture.DEStech Transactions on Social Science, Education and Human Science, (icsste). Johnson, C.A., 2015. Moving from Soft Law to Hard Law in the Derivative Area: A Case Study.The Changing Landscape of Global Financial Governance and the Role of Soft Law, p.258. Khumawala, S., Ranasinghe, T. and Yan, C.J., 2016. Why hedge? Extent, nature, and determinants of derivative usage in US municipalities.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,35(3), pp.303-325. Lievenbrck, M. and Schmid, T., 2014. Why do firms (not) hedge?Novel evidence on cultural influence.Journal of Corporate Finance,25, pp.92-106. Neuberger, A., 2016.Role of risk management in the oil and gas industry: the effect of derivative contracts used to manage oil and gas price risk on stock price sensitivity in the oil and gas industry during a period of declining oil and gas prices. Norden, L., Buston, C.S. and Wagner, W., 2014. Financial innovation and bank behavior: Evidence from credit markets.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,43, pp.130-145. Pinzur, D., 2016. Making the grade: infrastructural semiotics and derivative market outcomes on the Chicago Board of Trade and New Orleans Cotton Exchange, 18561909.Economy and Society, pp.1-23. Rauterberg, G.V. and Verstein, A., 2014. Assessing transnational private regulation of the OTC derivatives market: ISDA, the BBA, and the future of financial reform. Rifai, N., Syaukat, Y., Siregar, H. and Gumbira-Sa-id, E., 2015. Factors affecting increased export of Indonesian palm oil and its derivative products to the United States of America market.Journal of ISSAAS (International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences),21(1), pp.137-146. Roukny, T. and Battiston, S., 2014. A network analysis of the evolution of the German interbank market. Salazar, M., 2014. Swapping More than Regulations: Reexamining the Goals of the Dodd-Frank Act and the European Market Infrastructure Regulation on Over-the-Counter Derivative Markets.Sw. J. Int'l L.,21, p.217. Sharma, P., Lee, S., Guo, T., Irwin, D. and Shenoy, P., 2015, April. Spotcheck: Designing a derivative iaas cloud on the spot market. InProceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Computer Systems(p. 16). ACM. Takino, K., 2016. An Equilibrium Model for an OTC Derivative Market under a Counterparty Risk Constraint.

Choosing Custom College Research Papers

Choosing Custom College Research Papers Details of Custom College Research Papers Our writers make certain all your demands are met to get the standard of papers you want. Wrong custom made papers from the usa has a digital college. What's more, you may look through our. Custom College Research Papers - the Conspiracy You don't need to appear around. In most instances, college essays will be written following the present happenings on the planet. From our business, you will always locate original college essay for sale. Life, Death, and Custom College Research Papers At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. It's possible for you to purchase college essays from one of the absolute most dependable customized essay writing company that offers EXCELLENT support. Our custom made college essays are wholly established on originality. Our whole college essay for sale writers are updated with today's world. 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College Essay Topics That Stands Out

College Essay Topics That Stands OutA college essay can be the only chance you have to get an excellent grade on your test. Unfortunately, there are not many great essay topics to choose from. But that does not mean you have to give up writing an excellent essay.Most likely you've come up with a main topic, which will apply to all of your essays. For instance, in high school, I remember a topic that I wrote on every year of my high school career:In high school, I majored in philosophy, so I probably came up with this topic while listening to my father's lectures on male/female differences. But what I wanted to do was actually introduce topics that relate to that main topic.Now I'm not suggesting that you use that exact theme every year, but make sure that whatever your main topic is, it relates to your main subject. That way, it will be much easier to compare what you're doing in your college essays with what your experiences would have been like in high school.The next thing I'd lik e to point out is that you should choose a variety of college-essay topics. It's impossible to think about it straight, which means you might write something totally different when you come to put it into a college essay.This is a huge difference from high school, where you'd write exactly the same thing every time. If you haven't thought about this, you might just write something extremely similar. So why not consider getting five or six different topics in.For example, I might have four to five topics in high school related to the philosophy course. And maybe I'd get three essays each semester. Keep in mind that the format and grammar can't be too different so don't worry about those things.

Argumentative Essay Topics - What Are They?

Argumentative Essay Topics - What Are They?An argumentative essay topic is one that addresses a specific issue, or it may just be one that discusses an idea or concept. Either way, an argumentative essay topic is one that is able to accomplish one of the most important goals: getting someone to read your essay. Here are some tips for preparing your argumentative essay topic.The first step is to decide what kind of topic you want to write about. You can always go with a more traditional topic. Even if you do choose to go with a more traditional topic, you might want to make sure that the topic you choose has some general appeal. Otherwise, it may seem like a lot of work to write an essay on a topic that is not well known to your target audience.Most people find that it's too hard to find time to research a topic. However, you don't have to choose a long paper when you are short on time. Instead, you can choose a short essay on an argumentative topic to start off your academic career.T his is one of the benefits of using online essays. You can do this yourself and save yourself a lot of time and effort. Of course, it will take some research and planning in order to make the best use of online essays.Make sure that your essay topic is organized. If you have information to share with the reader, make sure that you organize your thoughts properly. If you are not very organized, then it may feel as though you are writing something that is not very interesting or well organized.Make sure that you write with a positive attitude. If you are not having a good attitude, it may seem as though you are saying very little in your essay. Remember that your essay must be able to draw in the reader.A well-organized essay topic is just one of the many things that you can learn about to get you started on your academic career. In addition to writing a good argumentative essay topic, you will also need to study different styles of writing and research in order to get better at writi ng.

Facts and Events From the Past of the United States

Facts and Events From the Past of the United StatesThis is an actual history of the United States and it's people. It is a great way to learn and to improve your knowledge of the USA. The essay samples are available online and this enables you to apply and learn fast.This book has articles and events from the past, which may be interesting to read for those who want to know about the history of the United States. You can also learn about the people of the USA as well. Some of the details given in the essay sample questions are given in the book.The book is broken into eight sections: Birth, Education, Representation, Property, Crime, Emigration, Immigration, and US politics. Each of these sections is divided into the following sections: The General American History - We see the main events in United States history from creation to the present day. Reconstruction, Education, and Legal History. Commercial History and Trade Relations.These essays are based on the subject matter of the b ook and this is one of the things that make this book very interesting and the students can really appreciate the work. The topics covered in this book can be either historical or current events. They include: There is no end to the reason that makes us what we are today.This is quite a large book and if you compare it with the Internet, you will find that the contents of the Internet are much less. This is because the online version has many more facts and events that this book does not have. The number of pages available for reading can be compared with that of books as well.It is possible to understand the essays because they are well structured and because there are some subjects in each essay that are not as involved as those in the other types of books. It will help students who are in some sort of 'catch-22' situation, where they need information and they need it now.The essay sample questions are made up of short paragraphs and sentences, which the student has to interpret i n his own words. However, the essays are very easy to understand and they can be easily followed.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRATEGY OF RAISING THE COUNTRYS PER CAPITA GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

Abstract This report is based on the research that has been conducted to investigate the effects of the secondary education and banks credit rates per capital gross domestic products. Motivated by an assignment to advice the minister for finance on policymaking, the research used regression analysis and test of hypothesis to analyze sets of data.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Recommendations For Strategy Of Raising The Country’s Per Capita Gross Domestic Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research established that secondary education has higher positive impacts on per capital gross domestic product as compared to bank credit rates. It, therefore, concludes that the available finances are allocated to the secondary education. Introduction Gross domestic product is defined as a measure of a country’s total productivity level. It refers to â€Å"the market value of all finished goods and services† within a territorial boundary and in a specified period (Mankiw, 2008, p. 496). Elements of gross domestic product include â€Å"consumption, investment, government purchase, and net export† (Mankiw, 2008, p. 496). Investments are monetary value of resources that are used for production of goods and services. Realized through individual citizens, corporate bodies and governments, investment rates and levels are the factors of availability of resources and the capacity to acquire such resources through savings or loans. Another element of the gross domestic product is government expenditure through such avenues as central and local governments and their agencies. This category of expenditure includes payments to civil servants and payments for public service utilities such as education and healthcare among other services that are provided by either state or federal government. Consumption as an element of the gross domestic product as well as net export also de pends on availability of resources and disposable income in a country. High levels of disposable income correspond to relatively high consumption and trade levels (Mankiw, 2008, p. 496). While real gross domestic product measures a country’s productivity level, per capital gross domestic product measures the value that is attributable to an individual citizen. The per capital gross domestic product is a factor of population growth and size and has an impact on living standards and utility levels in societies (Boyes and Melvin, 2007, p. 389, 390).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brooks (2008, p. 502) explains that one of the fundamental pillars of the economic growth is the availability of resources for consumption, investment or government expenditure. Financial institutions which are sources of loans the expenditures are, therefore, instrumental factors in economic growth. The ability to provide loans to investors and private consumers, for instance, has directs impacts on consumption, investments, and net export (Brooks, 2008, p. 502). Particularly, credit growth rates among financial institutions determining the lending rates to entities and, consequently, affect consumption and investment levels. A crisis in the financial sector strains the banks’ lending capacity leading to reduced lending with high interest rates. The consequence will be the reduced consumption and the investment capacity to negative economic growth (Brooks, 2008, p. 502). Economic growth through expansion of gross domestic product has also been associated with the education levels among countries. One of the relationships between education and economic growth is the derived empowerment to career developments. Individuals who proceed to high schools and tertiary institutions have high propensity to good employment opportunities and income. Education also leads to d evelopment of rational decision making that prompts savings and investments. As a result, investment in education is an effective initiative to stimulating economic growth. Though economic stability through education appears to be realized only at individual level, there is a derived macroeconomic benefit to both governments and societies. Employment opportunities, for example, generate taxes to the government besides the investments and increased consumption levels. Higher education levels, attained through secondary education, are also associated with the technological advancement in economic processes. This leads to lower operational costs resulting in more savings and higher production capacity (Bloom et al, 2005, p. 16).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Recommendations For Strategy Of Raising The Country’s Per Capita Gross Domestic Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evaluation and analysis of r elationships among variables, such as per capita gross domestic product, education rates, and bank credit rates are possible through the linear regression models. This statistical tool identifies the existence of a relationship between a dependent variable and a set of explanatory variables and establishes significance of such relationships besides comparing the effects of independent variables on the dependent variable (Gujarati and Porter 2009, p. 13-20). Linear regression makes assumptions of linearity, ‘homoscedasticity’, and normality of variables (Newbold et al, 2010, p. 428). This paper seeks to investigate the relationship between per capital gross domestic product and the rate of enrolment in secondary schools and credit rates of financial institutions. The paper seeks to answer two research questions, ‘Is there a significant relationship between per capital gross domestic product and both secondary schools enrolment rates and financial institutionsâ€⠄¢ credit rates?’ and ‘Is the relationship between per capita gross domestic product and high school enrolment rate stronger than the relationship between per capita gross domestic product and credit rates of banks and other financial institutions?’ In order to answer the research questions, the paper will test the following sets of hypothesis: H 0: There is no significant relationship between per capita gross domestic product and the considered explanatory variables;Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More H 1: There is a significant relationship between per capita gross domestic product and the considered explanatory variables. Using a comparative approach, the effects of the two independent variables on per capita gross domestic product will be analysed. The paper will also test on the validity of statistical assumptions of linearity, ‘homoscedasticity and normality. Methods Participants and design The set of data used in the research relates to statistics of different countries across the globe. The countries, therefore, formed the participants of this work. The research organised the data for inferential analysis. Materials The research used existing secondary sources for data collection. The resources were identified to be reliable since they were obtained from established institutions such as the United Nations and the University of Pennsylvania. Procedure The research procedure involved acquisition of sets of data from the sources. This was followed by organization and su bsequent transformation of data into derived variables. The research then used ‘Stata’ software for analysis into making inference and conclusions. Result and discussion Developed spreadsheet The attached spreadsheet in appendix 1 shows the compiled data for the fifty countries that were considered in the project. Testing hypothesis The research used ‘Stata’ to test the following model Where ÃŽ ²i is a constant and ui represents noise. The symbols in the model are as defined above. The set of hypothesis is Against the alternative hypothesis, Since the probability value is high, higher than 0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted. This implies that there is no significant relationship between the variables as expressed in the above model. Further, the model explains only 19.77% of the analyzed data making it unreliable. The following set of hypothesis on relationships between change in per capital gross domestic product and the individual explanatory variab les tests on existence of significant singe relationships. H 0: ÃŽ ²i=0, no significant relationship between the dependent and the explanatory variable, The table value is 2.04 leading to rejection of the null hypothesis, at 95% confidence interval. This leads to acceptance of the null hypothesis, at 95% confidence interval, since the computed value falls within the acceptance region. The relatively smaller computed value leads to acceptance of the null hypothesis, at 95% confidence interval. While the general model suggests the absence of relationship between per capital gross domestic product and all the explanatory variables, single inferential tests show the existence of a significant positive relationship between the dependent variable and the percentage of secondary school enrolment. The contradiction is attributable to the existence of many other variables in the general model that do not contribute to the dependent variable. Advice to the finance minister From the model , unit percentage increase in secondary school enrolment leads to a corresponding increase in per capital gross domestic product by 0.2502821*In (65) %- In (55%) = 4.18% A unit percentage increase in bank credit has a positive impact of 0.2124701* (52%-38%) =3% on per capital gross domestic product, though this effect is not significant. The minister should, therefore, direct the funds to secondary education. Test for validity of statistical assumptions The statistical assumptions made over the considered set of data are linearity, ‘homoscedasticity’, and normality. Using the RESET test for the null hypothesis of a linear mode against an alternative hypothesis of a nonlinear model leads to acceptance of the null hypothesis. The LM test for ‘homoscedasticity’ also leads to adoption of the null hypothesis of ‘homoscedasticity’. The ‘Bera’ and ‘Jarque’s skewness- kurtosis’ test, however, leads to the rejection of t he null hypothesis of normality. Normality assumption was, therefore, not correct. Remedy for lack of normality Remedying lack of normality involves exclusion of extreme values, values corresponding to Zimbabwe. A subsequent test over the assumptions indicates linearity, ‘homoscedasticity’ and normality. Effects of re specifying and re estimating the model After re-specifying and re-estimating the model, secondary education and bank credit rate had the following impacts, Effect of ‘lseced’ on GDP per capital =0.2599967*In (65) %- In (55%) = 4.34% Effect of credit on GDP per capital= 0.1564118* (52%-38%) =2.2% Revaluation of specification and estimation of the model does not affect the advice because secondary school education still holds higher effects on per capital gross domestic product. Conclusion Gross domestic product and per capital gross domestic products are subject to government expenditure, consumption and investments among other factors. This re search evaluated the impacts of government expenditure in secondary education and commercial banks on per capital gross domestic product in order to advice the finance minister on a suitable policy decision. The research concludes that secondary education funding should be preferred over banks. This is because of its higher and more significant contribution to per capital gross domestic product as compared to banks credit rates. Reference list Bloom, D., Canning, D., Chan, K., 2005. Higher education and economic development in Africa. Available at:  http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079956815/HigherEd_Econ_Growth_Africa.pdf, p. 16. Boyes, W Melvin, M., 2007. Economics. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning Brooks, C. 2008., Introductory Econometrics for Finance. London, UK: Cambridge University Press Gujarati, D. Porter, D., 2009. Basic econometrics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Mankiw, G. 2011., Principles of Economics. Mason, OH: Ceng age Learning Newbold, P, Carlson, W Thorne, B., 2010. Statistics for business and economics. London, UK: Pearson. Appendix country ypc90 ypc05 open govgdp CPI90 CPI85 seced credit 1 Algeria 5314.63 6291.14 73.97 10.85 98.12 85.65 61 0.4 2 Australia 23209.99 34323.39 28.85 13.46 112.1 84.85 82 0.13 3 Bangladesh 1616.16 2166.01 17.81 8.18 20.8 23.39 19 0.21 4 Belgium 24558.91 31750.13 124.59 14.84 112.3 68.78 103 0.35 5 Brazil 7811.24 9000.3 13.39 21.34 50.76 34.79 38 0.24 6 Burkina Faso 926.09 1290.77 59.15 38.37 51.68 40.56 7 0.18 7 Cameroon 2710.21 2579.45 30.56 10.67 42.21 30.51 28 0.28 8 Canada 25534.32 34590.49 49.94 15.21 108.9 91.43 101 0.77 9 Chile 8639.98 16965.69 47.41 16.17 45.54 43.04 73 0.47 10 China 1929.15 6482.99 23.82 20.27 22.95 30 49 0.86 11 Cote dIvoire 2890.67 2315.96 63.45 12.74 47.54 32.77 22 0.4 12 Ecuador 4882.98 5755.93 41.55 21.28 32.49 59.65 55 0.12 13 Egypt 3595.06 5230.06 62.33 7.41 33.39 37.41 76 0.28 14 Ethiopia 859.95 963.19 27.95 18.38 32.49 38.94 14 0.23 15 France 23657.62 28779.31 32.71 16.86 120.7 75.72 99 0.92 16 Germany 24599.27 29547.74 40.66 12.02 113.3 69.59 98 0.93 17 Ghana 1258.5 1530.09 58.88 18.12 38.46 57.32 36 0.05 18 Greece 17022.2 25467.06 36.71 14.13 79.84 48.97 93 0.35 19 Hungary 11441.58 16216.88 36.52 27.65 38.39 30.4 79 0.45 20 India 2001.59 3365.34 17.05 28.29 29.55 33.71 44 0.26 21 Indonesia 3216.91 4883.97 46.59 18.32 26.45 33.55 44 0.37 22 Iran 5691.14 9498.28 75.76 13.88 260 83.44 55 0 23 Italy 23168.6 27794.86 42.58 13.32 114.2 64.35 83 0.48 24 Japan 26384.61 29780.3 16.86 10.71 131.2 89.34 97 1.92 25 Kenya 2061.24 2017.39 43.02 8.41 26.49 32.17 24 0.3 26 Korea 11908.21 22048.39 32.56 10.16 71.63 53.58 90 0.9 27 Madagascar 1071.44 862.79 57.23 12.09 31.15 36.51 18 0.15 28 Malawi 935.71 1179.62 55.7 6.72 29.12 25.23 8 0.13 29 Malaysia 8418.95 16481.49 139.83 13.87 43.53 50.1 56 0.67 30 Mali 880.52 1254.06 45.73 19.82 41.02 26.29 7 0.12 31 Morocco 4499.87 5096.45 44.93 10.7 28.23 21.05 35 0.13 32 Nepal 1453.76 1885.79 31.53 16.32 21.8 23.78 33 0.12 33 Netherlands 24618.6 32638.07 78.34 17.61 100.9 63.98 120 1.4 34 Nigeria 1339.46 1810.23 56.44 7.02 40.67 103.41 25 0.12 35 Pakistan 2425.93 3269.38 32.09 18.53 26.24 28.75 23 0.24 36 Peru 4024.44 5733.98 24.54 12.71 44.23 22.04 67 0.04 37 Philippines 3385.71 4063.08 74.32 13.53 25.53 27.8 73 0.2 38 Poland 7194.65 12666.11 27.72 20.19 27.51 41.98 81 0.02 39 Saudi Arabia 22516.86 20731.34 79.73 17.74 48.85 62 44 0.64 40 South Africa 7915.05 9609.77 38.4 22.27 45.73 29.33 74 0.84 41 Spain 19111.88 29150.46 27.62 11.87 98.98 51.88 104 0.75 42 Sri Lanka 3151.19 5328.64 54.8 23.42 21.91 22.73 74 0.18 43 Sudan 955.79 1959.82 29.33 6.41 163.5 52.41 24 0.06 44 Syria 1816.6 2595.87 71.3 23.84 129.5 140.14 52 0.07 45 Thailand 5405.67 8666.41 90.5 11.93 38.47 35.79 30 0.72 46 Turkey 5366.32 7132.83 24.63 15.27 69.38 45.98 47 0.13 47 Uganda 740.1 11 67.26 27.08 32.61 39.99 62.88 13 0.02 48 U.K. 21742.5 30275.79 36.97 16.48 102.7 68.53 85 1.13 49 Venezuela 10146.72 10972.88 46.47 21.96 38.18 60.39 35 0.23 This report on Recommendations For Strategy Of Raising The Country’s Per Capita Gross Domestic Product was written and submitted by user Swarm to help you with your own studies. 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