Essay about The History of Computers - 1316 Words

The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments from simple devices to aid calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored program computers. The tools or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the†¦show more content†¦UNIVAC 1 was created to process data like Herman Hollerith’s tabulator over 50 years before, however UNIVAC 1 was then manufactured for other users and become the world’s first large scale commercial computer. The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between the late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician. Among those machines were pioneering computers put together by english academics notably Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas Kilburn. And the EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University. The microelectronic revolution started when they were using the vacuum tubes it consume a lot of power supply. As a comparison the ENIAC used about 2000 times as much electricity as the modern laptop. Not just that, the modern term for a problem that holds up a computer program is a â€Å"bug†. Popular legend has it that this word entered the vocabulary of computer programmers sometimes in the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of vacuum tubes, flew inside machines and caused a short circuit. I n order to create more advance computer, would have needed hundreds of thousands or even millions of tubes, which would have beenShow MoreRelatedHistory : The History Of Computers1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers What is the history behind the computers we use in an everyday life? Most of us don t ask ourselves this question. But if it wasn t for the people who came up with these first inventions, we wouldn t have had the experience of this acknowledgment that we have today. Over the centuries computers have been evolving, becoming more and more advanced and equipped for the utilization of personal matter. What many of us don t know, is that the beginning of computers goesRead MoreHistory of Computers875 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Computers Table of Contents Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â….2 AbstractÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…3 Body of ResearchÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 - 6 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…7 BibliographyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aikens Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report, I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty years, computersRead MoreThe History of Computers1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyersRead MoreHistory of the Computer1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of the Computer Long before computers were invented, humans realized the need for them. The history of the Computer started about 2000 years ago with the abacus. It is a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them and was one of the best calculating machines until the seventeenth century (PBS, 1). In 1835, English inventor, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of the Analytical Machine, a general purpose, fully programmed-controlled, automatic mechanical digitalRead MoreHistory of Computer1341 Words   |  6 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTER THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. 1. Writing and Alphabets – Communication First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet) The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. 2. PaperRead MoreHistory of Computers1887 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Computers ENG 121 The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, the computerRead MoreA Brief History of Computers1103 Words   |  4 PagesComputers have been around for a very long time. Going back in history, some people believe that the abacus was the true first computer. The first abacus is believed to come into existence between 2700–2300 BC and was created by the Sumerians so that they could count faster, and has evolved through the years. The term â€Å"computer† came out around 1613. People who performed computations or calculations were often referred to as computers. One of the first major counting problems in history was the CensusRead MoreThe History And How Of Computers915 Words   |  4 PagesThe History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines written such as â€Å"$temp = password_hash($object-password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);†. The binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to access all known information and share newRead MoreTechnology : History Of Computers1924 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology: History of Computers Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone’s household. The history of computersRead MoreThe History Of Ibm Computers Essay1811 Words   |  8 Pages The history of IBM computers began in 1943, when the company created Mark I weighing nearly 4.5 tons (Yost 25). Already in 1952, the first big lamp computer IBM 701 appeared, and in 1959, IBM introduced the first transistor computers which reached such a level of reliability and performance that the U.S. Air Force found it possible to apply them in the early warning system of air defense (Yost 27-35). IBM is also the developer of the first general purpose computers, first computers with a byte-addressable

IELTS Essay Samples - How Can They Help You?

<h1>IELTS Essay Samples - How Can They Help You?</h1><p>The initial segment of the EIELTS test manages composing an exposition about the topic being contemplated. This piece of the test is normally one of the most troublesome. You need to peruse a whole section of composed content, gather it, and re-read it again until you are certain that the significance is clear and that it bodes well. The information that you secure in this time will be helpful later on when you should apply for IELTS courses and are under examination.</p><p></p><p>The second piece of the test manages tuning in, while perusing is the fundamental part. This implies on the off chance that you can't get something or have a trouble understanding something different understudies will ask you inquiries. You should address every one of their inquiries effectively or you might be rebuffed by not being permitted to continue any further.</p><p></p><p>Last ho wever not least the test is completed utilizing Internet innovation and the SSL, Secure Socket Layer, or Secure Sockets Layer will be utilized. This guarantees information transmitted over the Internet is secure. By making sure about data you keep different understudies from getting to the data. This likewise guarantees the data isn't changed and must be perused by the individuals who have the right password.</p><p></p><p>You can discover test expositions on IELTS or sites identified with this point on the Internet. I would unequivocally suggest that you don't avoid this segment of the test, since it will be useful when you have to apply for future IELTS courses and should show that you have taken as much time as necessary when reading for the test.</p><p></p><p>This some portion of the English educational program was created over numerous years to guarantee that all understudies would figure out how to peruse and compose. It is impera tive to take note of that when IELTS is declared there will be numerous understudies applying for similar tests and you should have the option to deal with this.</p><p></p><p>As with all subjects in the English educational program you will discover various activities relying upon the evaluation you are focusing on. A large number of these tests are both of brief length or require less perusing comprehension.</p><p></p><p>If you have the persistence to contemplate and will work at it, at that point you should discover IELTS paper tests and the evaluation certainly justified regardless of the exertion. Additionally in the event that you experience at any point experienced issues with maths before you will discover this test appropriate to you.</p>

Common App Essay Samples For Family Issues

<h1>Common App Essay Samples For Family Issues</h1><p>Many understudies have an extraordinary enthusiasm for composing an App College Essay since it is an opportunity to communicate the musings, emotions and encounters of the individual on your family and individual issues. The App paper has gotten well known the same number of individuals feel like these can be acceptable hotspots for the inquiries that understudies may have during their interviews.</p><p></p><p>There are a few sites on the Internet that give extraordinary App exposition tests that can give good thoughts about how to move toward your family issue and different issues throughout your life. This can be a helpful path for you to get a thought of what inquiries will be posed at the interview.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies are currently exploiting the extraordinary assets that are accessible to them through the locales that offer normal App paper tests. T hey are finding this is an extraordinary method to communicate the emotions and contemplations of the understudy just as give them a hotspot for inquiries to ask.</p><p></p><p>The guardians are frequently feeling down or baffled with their youngsters' family issues and sentiments. In the event that you will be met for the App program, at that point you are going to need to be set up here and there to address the inquiries that will be posed of you. The App Essay is perhaps the most ideal approaches to give your perspective, emotions and life experiences.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies find that composing the App article tests are the best hotspot for good inquiries to pose to the questioners. This can truly assist understudies with responding to the intense inquiries such that they feel good answering.</p><p></p><p>With most families having a ton of issues, it isn't amazing that understudies are hoping to get so me extraordinary hotspots for their family issue questions. By composing App articles in the family gives that they face they will have the option to address the issues with genuineness and without giving the questioner's any motivation to scrutinize the understudy's honesty.</p><p></p><p>Students will have the option to utilize normal App exposition tests to compose an App paper that gives them extraordinary understanding into their family issues. By utilizing basic App exposition tests they will have the option to offer responses that are honest and legit and they won't run into any issues with the interviewers.</p>

Research Paper Topics Regarding Depression

<h1>Research Paper Topics Regarding Depression</h1><p>Research papers can be founded on various subjects concerning melancholy. There are a few points that are frequently canvassed in investigate papers.</p><p></p><p>One of the most well known research paper subjects in regards to misery is that of medicine. From numerous points of view, this theme is unimaginably well known. Drug for despondency has been around for a long while. Notwithstanding, it has additionally consistently been a disputable subject, particularly in the United States.</p><p></p><p>The general accord among scientists is that there is no convincing proof that drug is more viable than elective medicines for wretchedness. They additionally express that the symptoms of this specific treatment are likewise not so much such great. The examination papers will in general present the way that this prescription must be taken related to psychotherapy, social treatment, or both.</p><p></p><p>Another of the exploration paper themes with respect to sorrow is the emphasis on subjective conduct treatment. This specific treatment is utilized to treat certain character issue like marginal character issue. Numerous patients with this specific issue really require prescriptions and these meds are not so much all that great either. Research papers by and large feature this fact.</p><p></p><p>Research paper themes with respect to wretchedness remember a few investigations for care reflection and yoga. These practices have gotten progressively well known starting late. While they accomplish work, there is still some contention about the degree of viability. With regards to reflection, there is a great deal of narrative proof that proposes that they help with sorrow. Be that as it may, there is as yet far to go.</p><p></p><p>A investigate paper theme including care contemplation includes the utilization of binaural beats. The thought behind this is to invigorate the cerebrum into deduction in an engaged way. The objective of this exploration is to have the option to change the brainwaves with the goal that it is conceivable to trigger the cerebrum to carry on in a totally unique manner. Be that as it may, it still can't seem to be totally demonstrated by any logical investigation. There have been a few instances of individuals having the outcomes yet not the longing to continue rehearsing the meditation.</p><p></p><p>In end, the exploration paper themes with respect to discouragement are something that we are generally continually discussing. Some of them are sound, some are not, and some are outright fascinating. The web is likewise an incredible spot to discover intriguing points about anything. You can look into present and verifiable insights about anything you are intrigued in.</p>

Interesting Topics For An Essay

Interesting Topics For An EssayOne of the best things about having a topic for an essay is that you can choose as many topics as you want, and you will still be able to come up with an interesting essay. The last thing you want to do is choose the wrong topic and then have to spend a lot of time on it, wasting time that could be spent on other things.One of the most interesting topics for an essay is religion. It can be a very controversial subject, but the more people that read about it the better. You can use it to draw people into a very interesting reading experience, something that no one would normally get the chance to have.Another very interesting topics for an essay is photography. I am not a big fan of this subject, but it can be a great topic if you are good at writing about it. I would recommend that you use it as a short paragraph on the cover page of your essay. This will make it look more professional and will allow you to incorporate it well into your essay.A topic ab out the history of your country or region is always very interesting topics for an essay. You might have some very interesting history about your area or about the overall history of your country or even the world. You should include some brief history about the region in your essay as it is an important aspect that will relate to your topic and will help it stand out from the rest.Topics about the arts are also very interesting. The topics of your essay should relate to the arts and the people involved in those arts. Use this to your advantage and make your essay a great read.Topics related to history are also very interesting topics for an essay. It is usually a great topic to write about, and the more you write about it the more interesting it will become. History is always fascinating and can bring out the true meaning of life and make your reader think about the topic very deeply.Health and medicine are another very interesting topics for an essay. This is a subject that can re ally take a reader on a journey and make them think about what life is all about. You can include as much information as you like about this subject in your essay, but it should be brought up in the most interesting way possible.There are many different subjects that you can write about for your essay. With just a little bit of research you will find that many people are looking for ways to gain insight into certain subjects and make their lives richer. Find interesting topics for an essay and then use them to make your essay an interesting read.

The Annual Women And Fair Trade Festival Essay - 1491 Words

On a crisp morning this past fall, cooperatives from around the world set up shop in an Austin, Texas, church for the annual Women and Fair Trade Festival. While most of the vendors were veterans of collective organizing, one group of single immigrant mothers used the festival to debut their food cooperative, Cooperativa Posada. Three Mexican women—Silvia, Elideth, and Erika—and a Guatemalan woman named Hilda spent a near-sleepless night preparing dozens of their distinct regional varieties of tamales, some wrapped in corn husks and others in moist banana leaves. Nebat, the lone Ethiopian member of the cooperative, prepared some luscious, dark, traditional Ethiopian coffee by roasting the beans on a metal plate over an open flame, then grinding them by hand. The products of their labor were not only nourishment for the festival attendees (who lined up for a taste), but also an attempt to raise the awareness—and donations—needed for their cooperative to succeed. On a broader level, the tamales and coffee represented the mothers’ efforts to create an opportunity for self-sufficiency, to foster collective economic empowerment, and to forge a path forward for themselves and their families. All the Cooperativa Posada members currently live or have lived at Posada Esperanza in Austin, a shelter for homeless immigrant mothers and their children. The shelter houses 16 families, most of whom are undocumented immigrants or asylum seekers from Latin America and Africa who have fledShow MoreRelatedPhilippine Festivals2505 Words   |  11 PagesSinulog Festival Date of Celebration: 3rd week of January Place of Celebration: Cebu City Description: The Sinulog Festival is distinguished by its unusual two-steps-forward-and-one-step-backward shuffle, thus simulating the Holy Child of the shores, the Sinulog is a century-old tradition observed in the part of Visayas region. The prayer-dance is harmonized to the beat of drums and shouts of Pit Seà ±or! Viva Sto. Nià ±o!†. Ati-atihan Festival Date of Celebration: 3rd week of January Place of Celebration:Read Morefestival and special event management2682 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Festivals and special events are a growing business in the world’s current trends. With special events growing and generating more and more money for communities and nations this assignment will take an in depth look how special events and festival have a positive and negative effect on the environment the economy, society and culture. Festivals especially have developed dramatically since the first known weekend long concerts in California in the summer of 67. With new technology and productionRead MoreEvent Management3889 Words   |  16 Pageshere that most event managers gain their experience. Annual events fall under this category. In addition to annual events, there are many one time events including historical, cultural, musical and dance performances. Meetings, parties, celebrations, conventions, award ceremonies, exhibitions, sporting events and many other community a nd social event fit into this category. Example: Annual Trade Fair organized in Delhi, Chandipur Beach Festival 1.9 TYPES OF EVENTS 1. Sporting Events SportingRead MoreStarbuckss Marketing Plan For Starbucks1281 Words   |  6 PagesStarbuck’s expanded yet to another market in 1996, and opened its first store in Tokyo, Japan, and continued expanding thereon globally. In 1999 Starbucks started â€Å"Grounds for your Garden† to be environmentally friendly. In 2000, it introduced Fair Trade products. Due to the reputation if the company I am going to move Starbucks from Denmark to Chile, where I believe it is going to do even better. Power Distance Denmark cultural dimension rank # 74 with an index value of 18, and Chile ranks #s 37-38Read MoreTaking a Look at Madagascar2696 Words   |  11 Pagesthe northwestern coast and averages 211 centimeters (83 inches) of rainfall annually. Compared to the southwest where the average is 36 centimeters (14 inches). Annual precipitation on the plateau falls between these, averaging to be about 135 centimeters (53 inches). (Ellicott and Gall) The capital, Antananarivo receives its entire annual rainfall between November and April. The dry season is sunny, although somewhat brisk, especially in the mornings. Even though frost are very rare in AntananarivoRead MoreHimachal Pradesh an Overview9238 Words   |  37 Pagesfloor while the first floor is meant for personal use. Labourers have thatched roofs house for themselves. Music and Dance Music and dance in Himachal Pradesh revolves around religion. Through their dance and music, people entreat gods during festivals and other special occasions. There are also dances that are specific to certain regions and are best performed by the people of that area.   Some of the dance forms of Himachal are Losar Shona Chuksam (Kinnaur), Dangi (Chamba), Gee Dance and BurahRead MoreNotes On The Great Lakes1765 Words   |  8 Pagescultures and groups, Europeans remarked the landscape as â€Å"bewildering† and â€Å"an infinity of undiscovered nations† †¢ Extensive network of lakes, rivers, and birchbark canoes made them Great Lakes people mobile- traveled long distance to meet, hunt, trade, etc.†¦ 4) The Great Plains and Rockies †¢ Great Plains, located farther west, is vast and arid †¢ Most people were in small, dispersed groups who hunted and gathered foods †¢ In the plains, geopolitics was greatly influenced by horses, European importRead More 1950-1960 Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressively getting faster. Drive-in business and shopping malls were convenient. Mass culture brought material wealth to America, but many wondered at what cost. Poorer citizens were ignored, and the work ethic was decreasing with modernization. Women were denied public power, and many felt their success should be supporting a successful husband (Layman 263). America also had incredible weapons, so awesome that they could destroy civilization, military leaders, and ultimately convinced other countriesRead MoreImpact of Trade Union on the Performance of Organization6858 Words   |  28 PagesChapter 1 1.1 Introduction: Being the biggest contributor to the countrys foreign exchange- around 76 percent- and employing around 2.2 million people, 80 percent of them women, the importance of nurturing a sector as vibrant and thriving as the garments industry, cannot be emphasized enough. With export of Ready Made Garments (RMG) reaching 9.2 billion in 2007 and predictions of it rising to 12 billion or more in the next two years, it is obvious that the industry is growing at an exponentialRead MoreEssay about Life Changing Trip1837 Words   |  8 Pagesbefore the summer of 2006 at the age of 27. This phenomenon only occurred because I had agreed to travel, with my friends, outside of North America for the first time. This was the summer that I ran with the bulls during the world-renown San Fermà ­n festival in Pamplona, Spain. This experience shaped the course of my life for the next three years and counting. Not unlike most immigrant children forced to grow up in a foreign land, I struggled for self-identity while being pressured by my parents to

Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Answer: Introduction: The overall assignment mainly depicts the use of adequate financial derivatives by portfolio managers to improve they all return from investment. Financial derivatives mainly comprises of 4 different types which allow it get investors to increased exposure in the market. The use of derivative mainly helps investors in hedging their overall exposure in the capital market.These derivative options also allow investors and Portfolio managers to adequately apply relevant investment theories and make exponential gains. The whole assignment mainly evaluates under hypothetical situation where all the four different types of the derivative instrument is evaluated and analysed. Lastly, the overall recommendation for portfolio managers, which could help in improving the overall give ability to increase profits by using different derivative instruments. Describing the four major financial derivatives used in portfolio management: There are different types of financial derivatives, which could be used by portfolio management these derivatives are depicted as follows. Forward contract derivative: Forward contracts derivatives are mainly identified as its simplest form of decorative instrument, which are applicable only for today. This is one of the oldest forms of contract, which are conducted by investors to hedge or control losses in future. The forward contract is mainly an agreement, which is made between two parties regarding sale of a product or instrument in later date. This instrument was widely used before the invention of future contracts.Many investors are still using the forward contracts effectively until day to conduct adequate exposure in the market. Berezhnoy et al. (2014) stated that forward contracts are mainly conducted between two parties or counterparties, where there is no exchange responsible for the transaction. On the other hand, Bodie (2013)argued that use of future contracts does not allow oroblige the other party to keep commitment regarding the contract. Details of the forward contracts can be kept secret from the public, as it is not mandatory to provide relevant details regarding the transaction. Forward contract mainly allowed investors to effectively control the rising prices and reduce any kind of losses, which might income from volatile capital market. Forward contract are currently used in currency exchange, which are conducted by the bank (Dutta 2016). Example of a forward contract: Particulars Value Value AUD payment 1,000,000 Current AUD/USD Rate 0.75 = 1,000,000 * 0.75 = 750,000 Forward Contract Rate 0.73 = 1,000,000 * 0.73 = 730,000 Expected AUD/USD Rate 0.72 = 1,000,000 * 0.72 = 720,000 Reduction in losses 10,000 A firm using AUD USD rate for reducing any kind of volatility in the exchange market for the payment that needs to be converted in USD.The overall use of forward contract mainly helps in reducing the losses by $10,000. This was made possible by using the forward contract, which fixed the overall exchange rate and reduced any kind of risk that may be faced by the person exchanging the payment. This mainly helps investors to fix their overall exchange rate, which help in reducing any kind of risk from capital market (Fat and Pop 2015). Future contract derivative: Future contracts are a viable transaction, which is conducted with the help of an exchange and allows investors to make adequate investment decisions.This type of contract is mainly similar to forward contracts where sale of a particular commodity is conducted on a specified future date. However, the prices of that commodity are fixed in the current date, which helps in reducing any kind of price volatility that might think in later date. Future contracts use exchanges and are conducted through a medium, which allows and obliges different parties to fulfil their part of the bargain (Frino, Mollica and Webb 2014). Future contracts conducted on a pre designed format, which needs to be followed by an investor while conducting investments and transaction. Furthermore, the future contracts mainly follow a daily settlement contract format, where all the gains and losses are realised on the given day after commencement of the trading day. In future contracts buyers and sellers does not form any kind of contract enter or enter in an agreement, they simply transact with the exchange. Thus, exchange is mainly responsible for all the transactions conducted under the future contracts and is liable to pay the parties. Example of a future contract: Particulars Value Value Buying Gold 100 ounce Current Gold price 1258.63 = 100 * 1258.63 = 125,863 Future contract 1265 = 100 * 1265 = 126,500 Expected Price 1350 = 100 * 1350 = 135,000 Reduction in losses 8500 From the overall evaluation of Future contracts example it would be understood that reduction of $8,500 worth of value in Gold buying bus conductor.This reduction was mainly achieved by using a futures contract, which help in locking the current prices of the gold and allowed investors to effectively reduce extensive losses in buying the gold commodity.This type of extensive used mainly allows investors to effectively improve their current financial exposures in the market (Hou 2017). Option contract derivative: Option contract derivative is the third option, which is used by investors to effectively Hedge the exposure in the capital market. The option contract mainly allows investors effectively hedge against any kind of future volatility that might be expected by them. There is simply two types of options, which are used extensively by investors first is the call option second is the put option. Call option is mainly a right, which allows investor to buy something at later date at a given price (Johnson 2015). However, put option mainly allows investors to sell something at later date at a given price. Furthermore, option contract provides an effective choice to the traders as they could conduct the trade in future date or not. This relevant choice mainly allows investors to effectively speculate the market and reduce any kind of extensive losses, which might be conducted during the investment Period. The option contract is mainly conducted with the help of an exchange, as adequate measures need to be taken when option trades are conducted. Option trades mainly allow investors to increase their exposure in the market with relevant small premium provided by them. The investor at the cost of the premium could ignore any losses that might incur in future. Currently option contracts at high demand among investors, as it allows them to produce any kind of risk and increase their investment capacity. Option contracts is conducted based on prices related to a certain instrument, these options are conducted based on future price volatility to increase their gains from investment. The main expense, which is incurred by the option contractors, is the premium amount that they are charged for exercising the trades. The use of premium amount mainly allows investors to reduce the overall capital blockage, which were previously conducted in future contracts and help to increase their investment capacity. Khumawala, Ranasinghe and Yan (2016) argued that due to the option trading system speculators and novice traders are able to inflate and create volatility in the market, which in turn reduces market efficiency. Example of a option contract: Particulars Value Value Selling shares of Apple 1000 Buying Put Option Current price 152.96 1000 * 152.96 = 152,960 Strike price 150 1000 * 150 = 150,000 Premium 5 1000 * 5 = 5,000 Expected Price 140 1000 * 140 = 140,000 Actual Price 149 1000 * 149 = 153,000 Reduction in losses 145,000 -149,000 = 4000 loss According to the example portrayed in the above table, option price of Apple did not follow to the relevant speculation of $140. This mainly increased the losses of the investor my $4,000 as the investor invested in a strike price on $150 and premium of $5. This mainly indicated that prices of Apple went below $145 then the investor could get good return from investment. Thus, the price only went down by 149 dollars, which resulted in a loss of $4,000 by the investor. If the investor does not choose to take the trade then he has to pay premium of $5,000, which is greater than the loss that was incurred (Lievenbruck and Schmid 2014). Swaps derivative: The most complicated type of contract in derivative is the swap contract, which involves adequate speculation and relevant research before conducting the trade. Swap derivatives are mainly conducted on different participants where one investor uses the fixed rate for a floating rate interest to increase its overall gains from investment. The swap trades allow investors to swap interest rates and underlying currency for increasing the overall financial income. With the help of swap trades companies are able to avoid foreign exchange rates, which might hamper the overall return from investment.Swap trades mainly conducted by private contractors to negotiate between two parties to get the relevant benefit from the spread (Neuberger 2016). Swap trades are mainly conducted by investment bankers between the two parties, as it helps in reducing any kind of risk from investment.However, swap trades mainly increase the overall risk from currency exchange rate, which might hamper and reduce an y kind of income that might be generated from the investment. Amount to be invested 100,000 Interest rate 1st country Interest rate 2nd country Exchange rate 4 0.25 Savings 8% 3% Loan 9% 4% Invested amount 400,000 Interest received 32,000 Converted to 2nd country 8,000 Invested amount 100,000 Invested paid 3,000 Total income 5,000 From the overall evaluation of the example, it could be understood that Investment in first country could eventually help in gaining interest of 32000, which converted to 8000. In addition, a loan in second country code eventually attracts a payment of 3000,which will make a total income of 5000 for the investor. This type of seed is mainly identified as a swap trade, which is conducted by companies and investors to increase their overall investment (Norden, Buston and Wagner 2014). Analysing the desirability of using in derivatives in hypothetical situations with adequate critics: After the overall evaluation of the four different types of derivative instruments option contract and futures contract is mainly identified, as the most viable investment option. As this will allow investors to conduct trades without any relevant risk. Thus, the hypothetical situations in the above examples mainly depicts that use of option trading and future trading could eventually help investors in making investment decisions and effectively conduct trades in the market (Pinzur 2016). However, forward contracts are elements used in the market, which should be avoided, by investors and Portfolio managers in their portfolio construction. In addition, swap trades also be avoided by the portfolio managers, as it only comprises of swap interest rates, which is a complicated endeavour conducted by companies. Thus, the use of future and option contracts could eventually help a portfolio manager to conduct and deliver the required rate of return from the investment. Recommendations and Conclusions: After the overall evaluation of the assignment, it could be understood that derivative contracts allow investors to adequately invest in the market. Investors to conduct relevant transactions in the market mainly use the derivative instruments such as forward, future, option, and swap contracts. However, the use of future and option contracts is relevantly higher in the market as it provides an effective measure for all the investors to increase their profitability. Therefore, it could be understood that the use of option contracts is mainly and adequate investment instrument, which could help investors in conducting high end trades. Thus, portfolio managers needs to use option and future contracts to effectively conduct and prepare their portfolios and obtain the relevant return from investment. 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